The volume focuses on 1938 and the Kristallnacht pogrom, highlighting many of the multiple factors that ultimately brought about the Holocaust. Among them were the murderous conviction of many alongside the indifference of others, and the helplessness of the Jews to determine their fate. Opening with an important article by Havi Dreifuss on the first “civilian” bunker diary from the Warsaw Ghetto, it continues with articles by Anton Weiss-Wendt on Baltic Oil Ltd. and Jewish forced laborers; Mordechai Altshuler on Jews in the USSR following the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact; Béla Bodo on provincial antisemitism in Hungary, 1919-1921; Göran Leth on reactions to Kristallnacht in the Swedish press; and review articles by Helmut Walser Smith on Michael Wildt’s book on anti-Jewish violence in Germany and Ruth Braude on Michael Phayer’s book on Pius XII